• Jan 19, 2026 Galactic Dynamics And N Body Simulations Lectures Held At The Astrophysics School Vi Organized By The European Astrophysics Doctoral Network Eadn 13 23 July 1993 Lecture Notes In Physics N interactions for N particles 3 Integration Based on the net force update the position and velocity of each particle over a small time step using numerical integration techniques eg Euler method or more advanced algorithms like leapfrog integration 4 Iteration Rep By Billy Nitzsche